Lucy Craft Laney and the Haines Institute

Lucy Craft Laney was many things. A college graduate, a loving daughter and sister, a fervent and faithful Presbyterian, an educator, a leader, and the headstrong founder of the Haines Institute—these are only some of the things that characterize the history and far-reaching influence of her life.

A Learned Adolescence: Lucy’s Childhood and Teenage Years

Lucy Craft Laney was born on April 13, 1854, the daughter of a Presbyterian minister who bought his and his wife’s freedom twenty years before the birth of their child. Theirs was a large family; Lucy was one of ten children. Macon, Georgia, was Lucy’s home during her childhood years. Even though it was rare for African American children to receive an education during the antebellum period in which she grew up, Lucy received reading lessons in the home where her mother worked as a maid. The bells of Washington Avenue Presbyterian Church, where Lucy’s father served as pastor, rang in the end of the Civil War in 1865. About four years later, at the age of 15, Lucy enrolled as a student at the newly founded Atlanta University, where she would be part of the first graduating class in 1873. Could she have known, on the day of her graduation, all that laid ahead of her? That a decade from then, she would be the founder and principal of a school all her own? So much was in store for Lucy Craft Laney, Atlanta University alumna and aspiring teacher.

Origins of the Institute: Lucy’s Post-Graduation Career

Armed with her degree, Lucy began teaching in the Georgia public school system. She taught in Macon, Milledgeville, and Savannah, before settling in Augusta. There, Lucy met the Christ Presbyterian Church community, who saw how she interacted with the local children and convinced her to start a school in their building. The lecture room, typically empty of visitors, was located on the basement floor of the church. It was there that Lucy began teaching a group of six children in 1883. Slowly but surely, that number continued to grow. At the end of her second year of teaching in the basement room, Lucy had a class of over two hundred pupils. 

It was in this way that Lucy became the founder of the first kindergarten for African American children in Augusta—and, further, one of the first of its kind in the southern United States. Three years after the initial lessons began, Lucy’s school became a chartered institution, thanks to the gracious donation of lifetime benefactor Francine E.H. Haines, who gifted Lucy $10,000 specifically for the charter. The Haines Normal and Industrial Institute earned its name from its friendly benefactor, Francine.

Three more years passed until her school found a permanent building to call home. In 1889, Lucy bought a property at the corner of Robert and Gwinnet streets in Augusta, and was gifted $10,000 for the construction of a building, which would become Marshall Hall. The four-story brick building contained classrooms on its ground floor and dormitories on the remaining floors. In 1906, another check was made out to Lucy in the amount of $15,000 for the construction of another building—the four-story brick building, called McGregor Hall, housed the administrative offices and more classrooms.

Success on Show: Haines Institute at the Paris Exposition

The great success of the Haines Institute was brought to the attention of thousands at the Paris Exposition. The Exposition Universelle of 1900, the last and largest of five expositions held in Paris, worked to highlight the achievements of the nineteenth century, which had officially come to a close. Millions of visitors walked through the galleries and buildings that housed exhibits of various themes, including the Palace of Civil Engineering, the Palace of Textiles, and the Palace of Education. Talking films, a Ferris wheel, moving sidewalks, diesel engines, x-ray machines, and the first magnetic audio recorder were listed among the items of wonder at the Exposition. Plays and performances were put on, living history recreations occurred, and the 1900 Olympics were happening simultaneously.

Among the galleries was a building devoted to matters of “social economy.” W. E. B. DuBois had curated an exhibit in this building that attempted to show “(a) The history of the American Negro. (b) His present condition. (c) His education. (d) His literature.” DuBois, working with the special agent assigned by the U.S. for the Exposition, gathered a total of five hundred photos, thirty-two charts and maps, and two hundred books to display.

The Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in Alabama, Shaw University in North Carolina, Roger Williams University in Rhode Island, and the Hampton Normal and Agricultural Institute in Virginia were accounted for within the photo collection. Hanging alongside these other educational institutions were photographs taken at the Haines Institute that showed various classes in session, as well as a group of young cadets.

A School in Flux: Growth of the Institute in the Early 20th Century

In 1909, U.S. President William Howard Taft visited the school grounds. At the completion of his tour of the institution, he declared that he “had seen nothing in the way of efficiency and of self-sacrifice that could compare with the work of Miss Laney.” In 1912, twenty-six years after its founding in 1886, the Haines Institute had a staff of thirty-four teachers and a student body of over nine hundred. 

As the years passed, the Haines Institute continued to develop and grow into a highly respected academic institution. Its curriculum grew to include kindergarten, junior high, and a nursing school, which was the first nurse training institute for African American girls. The title “Normal and Industrial Institute” speaks to the focus of the classes offered there; the “Normal Department” is what the teacher’s training classes were referred to at the time. Along with offering nursing and education curricula, the Institute taught traditional arts and sciences courses, as well as job-training and vocational-specific programming.

Lucy’s Legacy: A Strong Black Woman Remembered

Lucy Craft Laney passed away in October 1933. The memory of her life, however, lives on in a variety of ways. A painted portrait of her hangs on the walls of the Georgia State Capital building next to the likenesses of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr, and Reverend Henry McNeal Turner. In 1949, Laney High School opened on the original Haines Institute campus. The street that it sits upon is named Laney Walker Boulevard. The Cauley-Wheeler Building that housed the primary school of the Haines Institute was the last remaining original structure from the campus for decades, until it was demolished in 2014. A historical marker was unveiled in 2009 in front of the Laney High School building that speaks to the history of the Institute, and the continuing ripple effect of Lucy’s legacy. Lucy herself still lies buried on the campus of her school.

Lucy’s legacy does not only remain with the Haines Institute. She worked in her community throughout her life, leaving an impact on many. In 1918, Lucy was a founding member of the Augusta branch of the NAACP. She attended meetings of the Interracial Commission, the National Association of Colored Women, and the Niagara Movement. Along with acting as the principal of her school, Lucy served as the director of the African American community’s cultural center in Augusta. She was often referred to as “the mother of the children of the people,” and her commitment to her pupils, to the growth of her community, and to the friends she made along the way served as evidence of this title. A teacher through-and-through, Lucy is quoted as saying, "God has nothing to make men and women out of but boys and girls."

Works Cited / Related Resources

“African American Photographs Assembled for 1900 Paris Exposition,” Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/collections/african-american-photographs-1900-paris-exposition/about-this-collection/

Batesel, Paul. “Haines Normal and Industrial Institute, Augusta, Georgia, 1886-1949.” https://www.lostcolleges.com/haines-institute

Chandler, Arthur. “The Paris Exposition Universelle of 1900.” Expanded and revised from World's Fair magazine, Volume VII, Number 3, 1987.

Du Bois, W.E. B. "The American Negro at Paris." American Monthly Review of Reviews 22:5 (November 1900).

Jones, A. “Lucy Craft Laney (1854-1933).” November 15, 2017. BlackPast. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/laney-lucy-craft-1854-1933/

Leslie, Kent Anderson. “Lucy Craft Laney.” March 10, 2003. Last edited July 21, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/education/lucy-craft-laney-1854-1933/

“Lucy Craft Laney.” Georgia Women of Achievement. https://www.georgiawomen.org/lucy-craft-laney